Routers operate at the Network layer (Layer 3) and are responsible for routing packets based on IP addresses. A switch can operate on both layer 2 and 3.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) operates at the Transport layer and ensures reliable data transmission through error checking and retransmission.

The Transport layer is responsible for segmentation, flow control, and error control, ensuring complete data transfer.

The Presentation layer formats data for display or transmission, including tasks like data translation, compression, and encryption.

The Session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization, managing sessions between applications.

The Data Link layer is responsible for error detection and frame sequencing.

The Network layer is responsible for packet forwarding and routing, determining the best path for data to travel across a network.

SSL/TLS operates at the Session layer, providing secure communication sessions over a network.

The Presentation layer is responsible for data encryption and decryption, as well as translating data formats.

Ethernet operates at the Data Link layer (Layer 2), handling MAC addressing and framing.

The Physical layer is responsible for the transmission of raw bitstreams over a physical medium, such as cables and switches.

The Application layer is responsible for handling user requests and delivering web content, as it directly interacts with the software applications.

Hubs operate at the Physical layer (Layer 1) and are responsible for transmitting signals to all connected devices.

HTTP operates at the Application layer, enabling web browsers to communicate with web servers.

The Application layer provides network services directly to end-user applications, facilitating communication between software applications and lower layers of the OSI model.